Basaltic lava flows of MAKU area is the largest quaternary basalt of the north west of Iran, which is erupted from newest activity stage of Ararat Mountain volcanoes. Important portion of these lavas are reached the river Sari so AND Bazargan Plain from eastern AND southern slopes of the Ararat that after covering of this plain it has changed the route to wards the MAKU valley of the Zangmar river AND from their inters in to the POLDASHT Plain. This noncarbonated fractured rocks is covered the old rivers alluvial AND formed a good basaltic- alluvial aquifer in the area.Amount of fluoride ion in the water of this aquifer is more than the universal maximum admissible concentrations. All the people of villages that their drinking water supplies from basaltic springs AND wells are suffering from dental AND probably skeletal fluorosis. In this study for determining the source of high fluoride concentrations in the ground water of the basaltic area in addition to studying 11 microscopic tine sections from basaltic rocks of the study area, three series water sampling from the springs AND rivers were carried on AND chemically were analyzed. The water analysis results AND basaltic rocks petrography indicate the high fluoride water inters the study area from the river Sari so route.

LANDslide is one of the natural hazard which mainly occurs in mountainous areas. It gives sudden changes to the morphology of the ground AND causes drastic damages to residential areas, roads, AND farmlANDs, that is xhy governments AND scientific AND research centres have pahd special attention to the phenomenon of lANDslide AND some measures have been taken to identify AND control them. In 1374, Abkar, a village of Farsan city Chahar–Mahal Bakhtiary province–was buried down with its50 inhabitants due to the lANDslide (Ghobadi, M.H.,1381,P.164). In the area under study, specially in the northern ranges of cherkindag, which looks to Bazargan plain AND New MAKU, paleo AND New lANDslide can be seen. Fortunately, since the area is for from the residential area, in has not produced serious problems for the people. The aim of the present article is identifying the area with a lANDslide potential. Therefore, using topographical maps AND considering the methodspresented by Anbalagan, I would provide a zonation plan of the lANDslide hazard to let the planning AND designing managers, provided with an exact understANDing AND identification of these area, could consider the geomorphological risks in using them.

This study evaluates the effect of the approval of MAKU Free Trade-Industrial Zone on the development of counties located in this region. For this purpose, the development index of the counties has been calculated based on 22 variables AND the TOPSIS method for 2011 AND 2016. The results indicated that the development convergence hypothesis between the counties is not confirmed. Also, the approval of MAKU Free Trade-Industrial Zone has increased the difference (positive difference) in the level of development of MAKU county from the average development of the counties of West Azerbaijan province. For Showt county, despite the improvement in the development rank, the difference (negative difference) has increased from the average development of the counties of West Azerbaijan province. For POLDASHT county, while the rank deteriorates, difference (negative difference) from the average development of the counties of West Azerbaijan province has also increased. In summary of the results, it can be argued that the approval of MAKU Free Trade-Industrial Zone has not made a significant change in this zone in terms of development.

Preservation, regeneration, development AND management of renewable natural resources (especially vegetation cover) need precise AND comprehensive knowledge. In this research, autecology ofCaragana grANDiflora sp. was studied in POLDASHT, West Azarbayjan province. This species is a perennial plant from Fabaceae family. To study the autecology of this perennial plant species, the habitat was determined by field observations AND available reports AND then climatic AND edaphic characteristics of the habitat, plant root system, phenology, reproduction AND food compounds were analyzed. The results showed that the habitat of this species was very limited AND scattered throughout the North West of the study area. Mean annual precipitation of the habitat was 312.6 mm AND mean annual temperature was 12.8 c. This species grows in calcic soils with a sANDy texture AND a PH of 7.5 to 7.67 AND an EC of 7.05 to 1.22 ds m-1. The roots of this species is straight, branched AND rhizomic that penetrates up to 1.2 m into soil AND spreads out up to 3.2 m when encounters a hard AND impervious layer. Study of this plant showed that its canopy cover was from 18.63% to 31.12%. Phenological phenomena begin when it sprouts at late February AND continues till middle April in the study area. The flowering period is from May to June. It is full of the fruits from middle June AND the seed ripens in July. The Laboratory data was analyzed by SPSS software mean comparison was done by Duncan test. Aboveground organ of the plant contains 21.94, 29.37 AND 14.25 crude protein respectively in growth, flowering AND seeding periods. This species is recommended for range improvement AND reclamation in rangelANDs which have similar ecological condition to West Azarbayjan.

With the formation of the Safavid government AND the beginning of the Ottoman-Iran wars in northwestern Iran, MAKU region, with MAKU Castle as its center, became one of the gateways between Persian territories AND eastern Anatolia in the center of these battles. The castle’s ownership shifted many times between the Safavids AND the Ottomans. Where did MAKU Castle stAND in the Ottoman-Safavid conflicts? The present study attempted to investigate the status of MAKU Castle during the Ottoman-Safavid conflicts via an analytical research approach. The study claims that MAKU Castle had an important place in the military policy of the Safavids AND the Ottomans due to its stability AND location at the Iranian-Anatolian border crossing, AND this issue was the cause of the disputes between the two powers over this castle. The result was that the Ottomans AND Safavids tried to consolidate their influence along the border by lodging their own tribes at MAKU Castle. Shah Abbas I showed his military superiority over the Ottomans by defeating the Ottoman-affiliated tribes in northwestern Iran, capturing MAKU Castle, AND housing the Bayat tribe in the fortress of this castle. During the reign of Shah Safi, the Ottomans seized MAKU Castle, which was destroyed under the Zuhab peace treaty. However, the Safavids, in violation of the peace treaty, captured the castle AND controlled it, with brief pauses, until the fall of Isfahan.

Introduction The increase in demAND for water resources due to population growth AND economic development along with water wastage AND a decrease in rainfall, on the other hAND, has made it significant to pay attention to water demAND AND make sound policies. Our country is facing the risk of a water crisis in the coming years, mainly due to its location in a dry AND semi-arid climate, as well as the ever-increasing growth of water consumption. To alleviate the water crisis, international trade in agricultural products can play a significant role in redistributing water resources because traded goods contain a large amount of virtual water. Water restriction in Iran is an undeniable fact, for this purpose, trading based on virtual water can be a solution to reduce the effects of water restriction. Due to being located in a dry AND semi-arid climate, Iran is facing the risk of a water crisis in the coming years. Therefore, in order to deal with it, it is necessary to be more sensitive to the types of water consumption. Among these uses is virtual water. The water used in the production process of goods is called virtual water, a part of which is kept in the product. Virtual water trade occurs when goods are imported into global markets. Virtual water trading is expected to reduce water consumption at the national AND international levels due to more efficient AND specialized use of water. Today, the concept of virtual water is one of the most critical issues in water resources management. Today, the problem of water shortage has become a serious concern due to climate changes AND uneven distribution of rainfall in most regions AND countries, including Iran, AND is considered the most important obstacle to the economic development of these countries. Trade as a tool to prevent the unnecessary withdrawal of water resources, focusing on the strategy of virtual water trade, can play an essential role in achieving the economic development of countries. Materials AND Methods The study area of the research is the Shiblo-POLDASHT plain in the northwest of Iran. This area is located in the east of the POLDASHT study area AND in the north of the Qara Ziauddin study area. The aim of this research was to investigate the statistical status of the cultivated area, the production performance, AND the evaluation of the productivity AND virtual water of agricultural crops in the POLDASHT plain. The time frame of the research is from 2011 to 2021 in an 11-years period. Accurate calculation AND determination of water requirement (m 3 -1 ha ). The amount of water required by a plant for its proper growth, taking into account the loss of evaporation AND transpiration of the plant, is called the water requirement of the plant. Therefore, the water requirement of the plant depends on the amount of evaporation AND transpiration of the plant. It is worth noting that due to different climates AND weather conditions, plant growth conditions AND as a result, the amount of water needed by plants are also different. In the present research, the various productivity indicators AND virtual water of the crops of Dasht-POLDASHT have been examined. Moreover, according to the objectives of the research, the physical AND financial indicators of water productivity, including the performance index per unit of water volume (CDP), income per unit of water volume (BPD), AND net return per unit of water volume (NBPD) have been calculated. Results AND Discussion: In this research, the amount of virtual water AND the productivity index as well as the net AND gross economic value of the major crops grown in POLDASHT city in West Azarbaijan province were investigated. In this regard, first, data AND information related to crops were collected through relevant organizations AND institutions, AND NETWAT, CROPWAT, AND CLIMWAT programs AND Excel programs were used to draw graphs AND graphical results. Then the yield of crops was calculated by dividing the amount of crops produced by the area of planting crops AND the productivity index AND virtual water. The results of this research show that the watermelon crop with a harvesting area of 5789 ha AND a production rate of 237951000 kg AND a production yield of 41103. 99 kg ha-1 with a water requirement of 2760 m3 ha-1 has a productivity of 14. 89 kg m-3 AND has The highest level of productivity is also the results show that the alfalfa product is the lowest level of productivity. It is worth noting that despite the fact that the watermelon product has high production AND productivity at a very low harvest level, it is also a very water-loving product that has a relatively high water requirement, AND generally experts are looking for an alternative product due to the lack of water resources. Finally, it is suggested that traditional (submerged) irrigation methods should be replaced by modern pressurized irrigation methods so that in addition to increasing efficiency AND productivity, we can see a reduction in water consumption AND its wastage. It is also suggested that the water requirements of agricultural crops be compared with each other using the data of the Agricultural Jihad Organization AND the aforementioned programs, AND its effect on the amount of water consumed AND its savings, as well as the net AND gross values of the production of crops, AND the final results It is compared with the national water document to fully verify the amount of water needed. Conclusion Despite the fact that the watermelon product has high production AND productivity at a very low harvest level, it is also a very water consuming product possessing a relatively high water requirement, AND generally experts are looking for an alternative product, due to the lack of water resources. Finally, it is suggested that traditional flood irrigation methods should be replaced by modern pressurized irrigation methods, so that in addition to increasing efficiency AND productivity, we can encounter with a reduction in water consumption AND its wastage. It is also suggested that the water requirement of agricultural crops should be compared with each other using the data of the Agricultural Jihad Organization AND the aforementioned programs, AND its effect on the amount of water consumed AND its saving, as well as the net AND gross values of crop production, should be evaluated. Finally, the results have been compared with the national water document so that the amount of water needed can be fully verified.

Many stone blocks with the cross carved on them have been found in Armenia AND Turkey. They had been inscribed with cuneiform inscriptions, especially Urartian. Some are being studied so far but no similar inscription has been found in Iran. Recently, a badly damaged cuneiform inscription with a cross on it is found in MAKU being studied by the authors. The right side of the block is the end of a cuneiform inscription AND the left side is broken in order to be reused. Therefore, the inscription is not complete AND has a half or parts not being found yet. The obverse with a cross carved on it in an unknown period is Assyrian AND only some signs have been left. There is only one sign left on the reverse. The epigraphy of the inscription shows that this inscription is written by Urartians between 800 AND 700 B.C. This inscription is introduced in this paper AND its epigraphy is studied AND it is compared to the similar ones.

Sustainable urban development is extensive AND complex subject in growth AND development of cities that subsequently some factors such as economic, social, ecological AND environmental should be considered. Today, the strengths AND weaknesses of development is very controversial issue. The aim of this research is spatial classification, stability AND instability analysis of MAKU in term of developmental measures. This descriptive-analytical research is applied AND developed with an emphasis on comprehensive approach. Quantitative analysis AND statistical software such as: Factor analysis, Human Development Index (HDI), StANDardized Score with choice of 50 indicators in terms of "social", "economic", "environmental- social", "Institutional-physical" dimension were used to assess stability AND inequalities analysis of neighborhoods. Generally, coefficient consolidated index was different among different areas of the city. Results show that there were two neighborhoods in ideal stable groups, 4 neighborhoods in sustainable groups, 3 neighborhoods in semi-stable groups, 3 neighborhoods in weak stable groups, AND 2 neighborhoods in instability from 14 neighborhoods. On the basis of Human Development Index (HID), 12th AND 13th quarters in respect of stability coefficient "928664.0" AND "926906.4" as ideal stable groups, AND 5 th AND 7 th quarters with lower stability coefficient 92.90068" AND 92.99004 "as instability quarters are recognized via StANDardized Score model. Based on the factor analysis, the most desirable average stability of MAKU city in the economic term was "92999999.040" AND the most undesirable average stability in the institutional - physical term was - " 929999990.60"2.

The groundwater system responds slowly to contamination events AND the travel times to reach the groundwater zone are often long. Cleaning AND restoring contaminated groundwater is often technically problematic AND expensive. Moreover, finding alternative sources for water supply is not always possible. Therefore, the most effective AND realistic solution is to prevent the contamination of groundwater through. Groundwater vulnerability is considered an intrinsic property of groundwater AND can be defined as the possibility of percolation AND diffusion of contaminants from the ground surface into the groundwater system (Babiker et al. 2005). Groundwater vulnerability is a relative, dimensionless AND characteristic that cannot be directly measured in the field AND depends on aquifer characteristics, geology AND hydrogeology. Many different methods have been developed for assessing this vulnerability (Vrba AND Zaporozec 1994). One of the most commonly used of method of groundwater vulnerability assessment is the DRASTIC method. In the present study, vulnerability assessment was carried out to evaluate the potential for groundwater contamination through the construction of a map for groundwater aquifer system in the study area. For this purpose the combined use of the DRASTIC AND geographical information system (GIS) demonstrated as an effective method for groundwater pollution risk assessment.